Ford Mustang

Ford Mustang
2010 Ford Mustang V6 coupe 2010 Ford Mustang
Manufacturer Ford Motor Company
Production 1964 – present
Assembly United States
Class Pony car
Body style(s) 2-door 2+2 seat coupé
2-door hatchback
2-door convertible
Layout FR layout
2010 model Ford Mustang badge

The Ford Mustang is an automobile manufactured by the Ford Motor Company. It was initially based on the second generation North American Ford Falcon, a compact car.[1] Introduced early on April 17, 1964,[2] the 1965 Mustang was the automaker's most successful launch since the Model A.[3]

The Mustang created the "pony car" class of American automobile — sports car-like coupes with long hoods and short rear decks[4] — and gave rise to competitors such as GM's Chevrolet Camaro,[5] AMC's Javelin,[6] and Chrysler's revamped Plymouth Barracuda.[7] It also inspired coupés such as the Toyota Celica and Ford Capri, which were exported to the United States.

The Mustang is Ford's third oldest nameplate in production and has undergone several transformations to its current fifth generation.

Contents

Background

Production of the 1965 Mustang (VIN coded by Ford and titled as 1965 models[8]) began in Dearborn, Michigan on March 9, 1964[9] and the car was introduced to the public on April 17, 1964[10] at the New York World's Fair.[11] It is Ford's third oldest nameplate currently in production next to the F-Series pickup truck line (which has undergone major nameplate changes over the years) and the Falcon that is still in production in Australia.

Executive stylist Pres Harris, who was a fan of the World War II P-51 Mustang fighter plane, is believed by many to have suggested the name and designed the body.[12][13] An alternative view was that Robert J. Eggert, Ford Division market research manager, first suggested the Mustang name. Eggert, a breeder of quarterhorses, received a birthday present from his wife of the book, The Mustangs by J. Frank Dobie in 1960. Later, the book’s title gave him the idea of adding the “Mustang” name for Ford’s new concept car. The designer preferred Cougar or Torino (and an advertising campaign using the Torino name was actually prepared), while Henry Ford II wanted T-bird II.[14] As the person responsible for Ford’s research on potential names, Eggert added “Mustang” to the list to be tested by focus groups; “Mustang,” by a wide margin, ” came out on top under the heading: “Suitability as Name for the Special Car.”[15][16] The name could not be used in Germany,[17] however, because it was owned by Krupp, which had manufactured trucks between 1951 and 1964 with the name Mustang. Ford refused to buy the name for about USD$10,000 from Krupp at the time. Kreidler, a manufacturer of mopeds, also used the name so Mustang was sold in Germany as the "T-5" until December 1978.

Mustangs grew larger and heavier with each model year until, in response to the 1971–1973 models, Ford returned the car to its original size and concept for 1974. It has since seen several platform generations and designs. Although some other pony cars have seen a revival, the Mustang is the only original pony car to remain in uninterrupted production over four decades of development and revision.[18]

First generation (1964½–1973)

1964½ Mustang

As Lee Iacocca's assistant general manager and chief engineer, Donald N. Frey was the head engineer for the Mustang project—supervising the overall development of the Mustang in a record 18 months[19][20] — while Iacocca himself championed the project as Ford Division general manager. The Mustang prototype was a two-seat, mid-mounted engine roadster. This vehicle employed a Taunus (Ford Germany) V4 engine and was very similar in appearance to the much later Pontiac Fiero.

It was claimed that the decision to abandon the two-seat design was in part due to the low sales experienced with the 2-seat 1955 Thunderbird. To broaden market appeal it was later remodeled as a four-seat car (with full space for the front bucket seats, as originally planned, and a rear bench seat with significantly less space than was common at the time). A "Fastback 2+2" model traded the conventional trunk space for increased interior volume as well as giving exterior lines similar to those of the second series of the Corvette Sting Ray and European sports cars such as the Jaguar E-Type.

The new design was styled under the direction of Project Design Chief Joe Oros and his team of L. David Ash, Gale Halderman, and John Foster[21][22] — in Ford's Lincoln – Mercury Division design studios, which produced the winning design in an intramural design contest instigated by Iacocca.

Having set the design standards for the Mustang,[23] Oros said:

“ I told the team that I wanted the car to appeal to women, but I wanted men to desire it, too. I wanted a Ferrari-like front end, the motif centered on the front – something heavy-looking like a Maserati, but, please, not a trident – and I wanted air intakes on the side to cool the rear brakes. I said it should be as sporty as possible and look like it was related to European design.[23] ”

Oros added:

“ I then called a meeting with all the Ford studio designers. We talked about the sporty car for most of that afternoon, setting parameters for what it should look like—and what it should not look like—by making lists on a large pad, a technique I adapted from the management seminar. We taped the lists up all around the studio to keep ourselves on track. We also had photographs of all the previous sporty cars that had been done in the Corporate Advanced studio as a guide to themes or ideas that were tired or not acceptable to management.

Within a week we had hammered out a new design. We cut templates and fitted them to the clay model that had been started. We cut right into it, adding or deleting clay to accommodate our new theme, so it wasn't like starting all over. But we knew Lincoln-Mercury would have two models. And Advanced would have five, some they had previously shown and modified, plus a couple extras. But we would only have one model because Ford studio had a production schedule for a good many facelifts and other projects. We couldn't afford the manpower, but we made up for lost time by working around the clock so our model would be ready for the management review.[21]

 ”

Favorable publicity articles appeared in 2,600 newspapers the next morning, the day the car was "officially" revealed.[24][25] A Mustang also appeared in the James Bond film Goldfinger in September 1964, the first time the car was used in a movie.[26]

To cut down the development cost and achieve a suggested retail price of US$2,368, the Mustang was based heavily on familiar yet simple components, many of which were already in production for other Ford models. Many (if not most) of the interior, chassis, suspension, and drivetrain components were derived from those used on Ford's Falcon and Fairlane. This use of common components also shortened the learning curve for assembly and repair workers, while at the same time allowing dealers to pick up the Mustang without also having to spend massive amounts of money on spare parts inventories to support the new car line.

Original sales forecasts projected less than 100,000 units for the first year.[27] This mark was surpassed in three months from rollout.[28] Another 318,000 would be sold during the model year (a record),[29] and in its first eighteen months, more than one million Mustangs were built.[27] All of these were VIN-identified as 1965 models, but several changes were made at the traditional opening of the new model year (beginning August 1964), including the addition of back-up lights on some models, the introduction of alternators to replace generators, and an upgrade of the V8 engine from 260 cu in (4.3 l) to 289 cu in (4.7 l) displacement. In the case of at least some six-cylinder Mustangs fitted with the 101 hp (75 kW) 170 cu in (2.8 l) Falcon engine, the rush into production included some unusual quirks, such as a horn ring bearing the 'Ford Falcon' logo beneath a trim ring emblazoned with 'Ford Mustang.' These characteristics made enough difference to warrant designation of the 121,538 earlier ones as "1964½" model-year Mustangs, a distinction that has endured with purists.[30]

All of the features added to the "1965" model were available as options or developmental modification to the "1964½" model, which in some cases led to "mix-and-match" confusion as surprised Ford exec hurriedly ramped up production by taking over lines originally intended for other car models' 1965 years. Some cars with 289 engines which were not given the chrome fender badges denoting the larger engine, and more than one car left the plant with cutouts for back-up lights but no lights nor the later wiring harness needed to operate them. While these would today be additional-value collectors' items, most of these oddities were corrected at the dealer level, sometimes only after buyers had noticed them..

Second generation (1974–1978)

1974–1978 Mustang II.

Lee Iacocca, who had been one of the forces behind the original Mustang, became President of Ford Motor Company in 1970 and ordered a smaller, more fuel-efficient Mustang for 1974. Initially it was to be based on the Ford Maverick, but ultimately was based on the Ford Pinto subcompact.

The new model, called the "Mustang II, was introduced two months before the first 1973 oil crisis, and its reduced size allowed it to compete against imported sports coupés such as the Japanese Toyota Celica and the European Ford Capri (then Ford-built in Germany and Britain, sold in U.S. by Mercury as a captive import car). First-year sales were 385,993 cars, compared with the original Mustang's twelve-month sales record of 418,812.[31]

Lee Iacocca wanted the new car, which returned the Mustang to its 1964 predecessor in size, shape, and overall styling,[32] to be finished to a high standard, saying it should be "a little jewel."[33] However not only was it smaller than the original car, but it was also heavier, owing to the addition of equipment needed to meet new U.S. emission and safety regulations. Performance was reduced, and despite the car's new handling and engineering features the galloping mustang emblem "became a less muscular steed that seemed to be cantering."[34]

The car was available in coupé and hatchback versions. Changes introduced in 1975 included reinstatement of the 302 CID V8 option (called the "5.0 L" although its capacity was 4.94 L) and availability of an economy option called the "MPG Stallion". Other changes in appearance and performance came with a "Cobra II" version in 1976 and a "King Cobra" in 1978.

Third generation (1979–1993)

1985–1986 Ford Mustang GT

The 1979 Mustang was based on the larger Fox platform (initially developed for the 1978 Ford Fairmont and Mercury Zephyr). The interior was restyled to accommodate four people in comfort despite a smaller rear seat. The trunk was larger, as was the engine bay, for easier service access.

Body styles included a coupé, (notchback), and hatchback; a convertible was offered in 1983. Available trim levels included L, GL, GLX, LX, GT, Turbo GT, SVO (1984–86), Cobra, and Cobra R (1993).

In response to slumping sales and escalating fuel prices during the early 1980s, a new Mustang was in development. It was to be a variant of the Mazda MX-6 assembled at AutoAlliance International in Flat Rock, Michigan. Enthusiasts wrote to Ford objecting to the proposed change to a front-wheel drive, Japanese-designed Mustang without a V8 option. The result was a major facelift of the existing Mustang in 1987, while the MX-6 variant became the 1989 Ford Probe.

Fourth generation (1994–2004)

2002 Ford Mustang Convertible

In 1994 the Mustang underwent its first major redesign in fifteen years. Code-named "SN-95" by the automaker, it was based on an updated version of the rear-wheel drive Fox platform called "Fox-4." The new styling by Patrick Schiavone incorporated several styling cues from earlier Mustangs.[37] For the first time since 1973, a hatchback coupe model was unavailable.

The base model came with a 3.8 OHV V6 (232 cid) engine rated at 145 bhp (108 kW) in 1994 and 1995, or 150 bhp (110 kW) (1996–1998), and was mated to a standard 5-speed manual transmission or optional 4-speed automatic. Though initially used in the 1994 and 1995 Mustang GT, Ford retired the 302 cid pushrod small-block V8 after nearly 40 years of use, replacing it with the newer Modular 4.6 L (281 cid) SOHC V8 in the 1996 Mustang GT. The 4.6 L V8 was initially rated at 215 bhp (160 kW), 1996–1997, but was later increased to 225 bhp (168 kW) in 1998.[38]

For 1999, the Mustang received Ford's New Edge styling theme with sharper contours, larger wheel arches, and creases in its bodywork, but its basic proportions, interior design, and chassis remained the same as the previous model. The Mustang's powertrains were carried over for 1999, but benefited from new improvements. The standard 3.8 L V6 had a new split-port induction system, and was rated at 190 bhp (140 kW) 1999–2004,[39] while the Mustang GT's 4.6 L V8 saw an increase in output to 260 bhp (190 kW) (1999–2004), due to a new head design and other enhancements. There were also three alternate models offered in this generation: the 2001 Bullitt, the 2003 and 2004 Mach 1, as well as the 305 bhp (227 kW) (1999) 320 bhp (240 kW) (2001–2002),[40][41] and 390 bhp (290 kW) 2003–2004[42] Cobra.

Fifth generation (2005-present)

2007–2009 Ford Mustang GT/CS convertible

At the 2004 North American International Auto Show, Ford introduced a completely redesigned Mustang, codenamed "S-197," that was based on an all-new D2C platform for the 2005 model year. Developed under the direction of Chief Engineer Hau Thai-Tang and exterior styling designer Sid Ramnarace,[43] the fifth-generation Mustang's styling echoes the fastback Mustangs of the late 1960s. Ford's senior vice president of design, J Mays, called it "retro-futurism."

The fifth-generation Mustang is manufactured at the AutoAlliance International plant in Flat Rock, Michigan. The base model is powered by a 210 hp (157 kW) cast-iron block 4.0 L SOHC V6 that replaced the 3.8 L pushrod V6 used previously. The Mustang GT used an aluminum block 4.6 L SOHC 3-valve Modular V8 with variable camshaft timing (VCT) that produces 300 hp (224 kW). Base Mustang came with a Tremec T-5 5-speed manual transmission while Ford's own 5R55S 5-speed automatic was optional. The Mustang GT featured the same automatic transmission as the V6 model, but manual is was a heavier duty Tremec TR-3650 5-speed.[44]

Ford announced in July 2007 that all 2008 Mustangs would have seats containing material derived from soybeans.[45]

A new option for the 2009 Mustang was the glass roof. This $1,995 option is in effect a full roof sunroof that splits the difference in price and purpose of the coupe and convertible models.[46]

The redesigned 2010 model year Mustang was released in the spring of 2009. It continued on the D2C platform and most of the previous-year's drivetrain options. The exterior was revised with only the roof panel being retained achieving a (coefficient of drag reduction of 4% on V6 models and 7% on the GT models.[47]).

The V6 for base Mustangs remained unchanged, while the Mustang GT's 4.6 L V8 was revised to specifications similar to that of the 2008–2009 Mustang Bullitt's 4.6 L V8, resulting in 315 hp (235 kW) at 6000 rpm and 325 lb·ft (441 N·m) of torque at 4250 rpm.[48] Other mechanical features included new spring rates and dampers to improve ride quality and control, standard traction control system and stability control system on all models, and new wheel sizes.

2011 Ford Mustang V6 Coupe

Ford revised all the Mustang's engines for 2011. The new V6 is a smaller 3.7 L (227 cu. in.) aluminum block engine weighing 40 lb (18 kg) lighter than the outgoing version. The engine produces 305 hp (227 kW) and 280 lb·ft (380 N·m) of torque. Ford announced on December 28, 2009 that the 2011 Mustang GT would feature a 5.0 engine (302.15 cid (4.951  L)) that produces 412 horsepower (307 kW) and 390 lb·ft (530 N·m) of torque on "premium fuel" (gasoline with a pump octane rating of 91); on "regular fuel" (gasoline with a pump octane rating of 87), these numbers fall to 402 hp (300 kW) and 377 lb·ft (511 N·m).[49] The new Ford 5.0-liter V8 “Coyote” engine has a 32-valves (4-valves per cylinder) with Twin Independent Variable Cam Timing (TiVCT). These cams control intake and exhaust functions of the vehicle to maximize combustion. The transmission includes either a 6-speed automatic or manual. An Electronic Power Assist Steering (EPAS) removes the conventional hydraulic power steering pump. The system does not use belts previously required for steering. An optional Brembo brake upgrade is available. These brakes were previously used on the Shelby GT-500. A pair of 19-inch wheels and performance tires is included.[50] The Shelby GT500's supercharged 5.4 L block is now made out of aluminum making it 102 lb (46 kg) lighter that the iron units in previous years, and is now rated at 550 hp (410 kW) and 510 lb·ft (690 N·m) of torque.[51]

Racing

The Mustang made its first public appearance on a racetrack little more than a month after its April 17 introduction, as pace car for the 1964 Indianapolis 500.[13]

The same year, Mustangs achieved the first of many notable competition successes, winning first and second in class in the Tour de France international rally. The car’s American competition debut, also in 1964, was in drag racing, where private individuals and dealer-sponsored teams campaigned Mustangs powered by 427 cu. in. V8s.

In late 1964, Ford contracted Holman & Moody to prepare ten 427-powered Mustangs to contest the National Hot Rod Association's (NHRA) A/Factory Experimental class in the 1965 drag racing season. Five of these special Mustangs made their competition debut at the 1965 NHRA Winternationals, where they qualified in the Factory Stock Eliminator class. The car driven by Bill Lawton won the class.[52]

A decade later Bob Glidden won the Mustang’s first NHRA Pro Stock title.

Early Mustangs also proved successful in road racing. The GT 350 R, the race version of the Shelby GT 350, won five of the Sports Car Club of America's (SCCA) six divisions in 1965. Drivers were Jerry Titus, Bob Johnson and Mark Donohue, and Titus won the (SCCA) B-Production national championship. GT 350s won the B-Production title again in 1966 and 1967. They also won the 1966 manufacturers’ championship in the inaugural SCCA Trans-Am series, and repeated the win the following year.[13]

In 1969, modified versions of the 428 Mach 1, Boss 429 and Boss 302 took 295 United States Auto Club-certified records at Bonneville Salt Flats. The outing included a 24-hour run on a 10-mile (16 km) course at an average speed of 157 miles per hour (253 km/h). Drivers were Mickey Thompson, Danny Ongais, Ray Brock and Bob Ottum.[13]

Boss 429 engines powered Ford Torinos in 1969 and 1970 NASCAR racing.

In 1970, Mustang won the SCCA Trans-Am series manufacturers’ championship again, with Parnelli Jones and George Follmer driving for car owner/builder Bud Moore and crew chief Lanky Foushee. Jones won the "unofficial" drivers’ title. 1970 was of special significance as the only year that all the "pony" car manufacturers fielded "factory" teams with world-class drivers... Ford beat Chevrolet, Pontiac, Plymouth, Dodge and AMC.

Two years later Dick Trickle won 67 short-track oval feature races, a national record for wins in a single season.

In 1975 Ron Smaldone's Mustang became the first-ever American car to win the Showroom Stock national championship in SCCA road racing.

Mustangs also competed in the IMSA GTO class, with wins in 1984 and 1985. In 1985 John Jones also won the 1985 GTO drivers’ championship; Wally Dallenbach Jr., John Jones and Doc Bundy won the GTO class at the Daytona 24 Hours; and Ford won its first manufacturers’ championship in road racing since 1970. Three class wins went to Lynn St. James, the first woman to win in the series.

1986 brought eight more GTO wins and another manufacturers’ title. Scott Pruett won the drivers’ championship. The GT Endurance Championship also went to Ford.

In drag racing Rickie Smith’s Motorcraft Mustang won the International Hot Rod Association Pro Stock world championship.

In 1987 Saleen Autosport Mustangs driven by Steve Saleen and Rick Titus won the SCCA Escort Endurance SSGT championship, and in International Motor Sports Association (IMSA) racing a Mustang again won the GTO class in the Daytona 24 hours. In 1989, its silver anniversary year, the Mustang won Ford its first Trans-Am manufacturers’ title since 1970, with Lynn St. James winning the drivers’ championship. In 1997, Tommy Kendall’s Roush-prepared Mustang won a record 11 consecutive races in Trans-Am to secure his third straight driver’s championship.

In 2002 John Force broke his own NHRA drag racing record by winning his 12th national championship in his Ford Mustang Funny Car, Force beat that record again in 2006, becoming the first ever 14-time champion, again, driving a Mustang.[13]

Currently Mustangs compete in several racing series, including the Mustang Challenge for the Miller Cup and the KONI Challenge, where it won the manufacturer's title in 2005 & 2008, and the Canada Drift, Formula Drift and D1 Grand Prix series. They are highly competitive in the SCCA World Challenge, with Brandon Davis winning the 2009 GT driver's championship.

As reported by Jayski.com, the Ford Mustang will be Ford's Car of Tomorrow for the NASCAR Nationwide Series in 2010, opening a new chapter in both Mustang's history and Ford's history. NASCAR insiders expect to see Mustang racing in NASCAR Sprint Cup by 2014 (the model's 50th anniversary).

Awards

2005 Canadian Car of the Year

The 1965 Mustang won the Tiffany Gold Medal for excellence in American design, the first automobile ever to do so.

The Mustang was on the Car and Driver Ten Best list in 1983, 1987, 1988, 2005, and 2006. It won the Motor Trend Car of the Year award in 1974 and 1994.

In 2005 it was runner-up to the Chrysler 300 for the North American Car of the Year award and was named Canadian Car of the Year.[53]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Iacocca, Lee (1986). "VI". Iacocca: An Autobiography. Bantam. ISBN 9780553251470. 
  2. ↑ Flory, J. Kelly (2004). American Cars, 1960-1972: Every Model, Year by Year. McFarland & Company. p. 367. ISBN 9780786412730. 
  3. ↑ Hinckley, Jim; Robinson, Jon G. (2005). The Big Book of Car Culture. MotorBooks/MBI. p. 175. ISBN 9780760319659. http://books.google.com/?id=NorSiqCb9mMC&pg=PA175&dq=%22most+successful+introduction%22+automobile. 
  4. ↑ Mueller, Mike (1997). Ford Mustang. MotorBooks/MBI. p. 21. ISBN 9780879389901. 
  5. ↑ Young, Anthony (2004). Camaro. MotorBooks/MBI. p. 8. ISBN 9780760319321. 
  6. ↑ "Dick Teague". Automobile Quarterly 30 (2): 15. 1992. 
  7. ↑ Zazarine, Paul (2002). Barracuda and Challenger. MotorBooks/MBI. p. 29. ISBN 9780879385385. 
  8. ↑ Sessler, Peter C. (2002). Mustang: 1964 1/2-2003. MBI Publishing Company. p. 11. ISBN 9780760313732. http://books.google.com/?id=V2LMsWZxU5EC&pg=PA11&dq=All+Mustangs+were+titled+coded+1965&q=All%20Mustangs%20were%20titled%20coded%201965. Retrieved 9 July 2010. 
  9. ↑ Corcoran, Tom (1994). Mustang 1964 1/2-1968. MBI Publishing Company. p. 15. ISBN 9780879386306. http://books.google.com/?id=agweV3UT930C&pg=PA15&dq=Mustang+Production+began+March+9,+1964&q=Mustang%20Production%20began%20March%209%2C%201964. Retrieved 9 July 2010. 
  10. ↑ Diamond, Jay; Pintel, Gerald (1991). Principles of marketing. Prentice Hall. pp. 198. ISBN 9780137146680. 
  11. ↑ Phil Patton "The Car of the Year (And a Half)," American Heritage, Oct. 2006.
  12. ↑ "Ford Mustang Prototype Failed to Appeal to the Crowds", All Ford Mustang News website, May 03 2008. Retrieved 25 August 2008.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 “Mustang Racing History”, Ford Corporate Media website. Retrieved 25 August 2008.
  14. ↑ Witzenburg, Gary (April 1984) "The Name Game", Motor Trend, p. 86.
  15. ↑ Eggert, James; Hanh, Thich Nhat; McKibben, Bill (2009). Meadowlark Economics: Collected Essays on Ecology, Community, and Spirituality. North Atlantic Books. pp. 65–66. ISBN 9781556437670. http://books.google.com/?id=qg7A_j6f_cMC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Mustang+James+Eggert,+%22Meadowlark+Economics:+Collected+Essays&q=Mustang. Retrieved 8 July 2010. 
  16. ↑ Kate Pierce, "Name That Car," (Automotive, May 26, 1994), page C.
  17. ↑ Witzenburg, p.86.
  18. ↑ "Mustang Ready For the Pony Car War "Mustang is the only one of the original pony cars from the 1960s to live on into the 21st century with no interruption in production."". Media.ford.com. http://media.ford.com/NEWSROOM/feature_display.cfm?release=24065N. Retrieved 2010-07-08. 
  19. ↑ "Donald N. Frey, lauteate 1990" National Medal of Technology, retrieved on August 16, 2008.
  20. ↑ "The Thinker (Detroit Style)" Time magazine, April 21, 1967, retrieved on August 16, 2008.
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 "1962 Mustang Designed by David Ashf". Midcomustang.com. http://www.midcomustang.com/daveash.shtml. 
  22. ↑ Rohrlich, Marianne (2006-05-11). "Belatedly, Stardom Finds a 20th-Century Master". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/11/garden/11viktor.html?ex=1176177600&en=70832a56ef031791&ei=5070. Retrieved 2010-05-29. 
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 Reeves, Scott (2004-04-16). "Fans celebrate Mustang's 40th". Dallas Morning News. http://www.dallasnews.com/sharedcontent/autos/topstories2/041604ccAutosMustangparty.12fe23361.html. Retrieved 2010-05-29. 
  24. ↑ "1965 1966 Ford Mustang," by the Auto Editors of Consumer Guide, February 4, 2007, retrieved on August 16, 2008.
  25. ↑ Innovative Marketing and PR Helped Build the Mustang Legend by Ford Motor Company Media, undated, retrieved on August 16, 2008.
  26. ↑ "Carrera Goldfinger Racing Set Review" MI6, August 26, 2005, retrieved on August 8, 2008.
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 Mueller, Mike (2000). Mustang 1964½-1973. MotorBooks/MBI. p. 30. ISBN 9780760307342. http://books.google.com/?id=12Unsmyljk4C&pg=PA30&dq=Mustang+sales+first+year. 
  28. ↑ Flory, pp. 367–8.
  29. ↑ Flory, p. 368.
  30. ↑ "The Great Mustang Debate: 1964 or 1965". Theautochannel.com. http://www.theautochannel.com/news/2009/04/16/457244.html. Retrieved 2009-04-27. 
  31. ↑ Auto Editors of Consumer Guide (15 February 2007). "1974, 1975, 1976, 1977, 1978 Ford Mustang Overview". http://auto.howstuffworks.com/1974-1975-1976-1977-1978-ford-mustang.htm. Retrieved 8 July 2010. 
  32. ↑ Witzenburg, Gary L. (1979). Mustang!: The Complete History of America's Pioneer Ponycar. Automobile Quarterly Publications. p. 146. ISBN 9780915038251. 
  33. ↑ "The 1974 Ford Mustang: The Winning Design" 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 Ford Mustang by the Auto Editors of Consumer Guide, February 15, 2007, retrieved on August 17, 2008.
  34. ↑ "1974 Ford Mustang Engines and Options" 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 Ford Mustang by the Auto Editors of Consumer Guide, February 15, 2007, retrieved on August 17, 2008.
  35. ↑ Sessler, Peter C.; Sessler, Nilda (2006). Ford Mustang Buyer's And Restoration Guide. Sams Technical Publishing. p. 126. ISBN 9780790613260. http://books.google.com/?id=l_1ngoGACCUC&pg=PA126&dq=1979+Mustang+Indianapolis+500+Pace+Car&cd=3#v=onepage&q=1979%20Mustang%20Indianapolis%20500%20Pace%20Car. Retrieved 2010-03-14. 
  36. ↑ "1993 Mustang GT". Mustanggt.org. http://www.mustanggt.org/93gt.htm. Retrieved 2010-07-08. 
  37. ↑ "1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998 Ford Mustang Overview" by the Auto Editors of Consumer Guide, 2007-02-23, retrieved on 2010-01-01.
  38. ↑ "The 1996 Ford Mustang" by the Auto Editors of Consumer Guide, 2007-02-23, retrieved on 2010-01-01.
  39. ↑ "The 1999 Ford Mustang Chassis and Engines" by the Auto Editors of Consumer Guide, 2007-02-27, retrieved on 2010-04-25.
  40. ↑ "First Drive: 2001 Ford SVT Mustang Cobra". Insideline.com. 2001-02-20. http://www.insideline.com/ford/mustang/2001/first-drive-2001-ford-svt-mustang-cobra.html. Retrieved 2010-07-08. 
  41. ↑ "2002 Mustang Cobra". Mustangevolution.com. http://www.mustangevolution.com/2002-mustang-cobra/. Retrieved 2010-07-08. 
  42. ↑ "2003 Ford Mustang SVT Cobra - First Drive & Road Test Review". Motor Trend. http://www.motortrend.com/roadtests/coupes/112_0306_2003_ford_mustang_svt_cobra/index.html. Retrieved 2010-07-08. 
  43. ↑ Neil, Dan (23 January 2009). "2010 Ford Mustang GT: Embracing the spirit of change". The L.A. Times. http://www.latimes.com/classified/automotive/highway1/la-fi-neil23-2009jan23,0,2175456.story. 
  44. ↑ Ford Motor Company. 2005 Mustang. Ford Media. 2005.
  45. ↑ "New Twist on Green: 2008 Ford Mustang Seats Will Be Soy-Based Foam". Edmunds inside line. July 12, 2007. http://www.edmunds.com/insideline/do/News/articleId=121682. Retrieved 2007-10-02. 
  46. ↑ "Ford Shows 2009 Glass Roof Mustang", Winding Road.
  47. ↑ "2010 Mustang Steering and Suspension". Ford Media. 2008.
  48. ↑ Ford Motor Company. "2010 Mustang Technical Specifications". Ford Media. 2008.
  49. ↑ Ford Motor Company. "2011 Ford Mustang Full Engine Specifications".
  50. ↑ James (2010-05-16). "JET Auto Source". Jautosource.blogspot.com. http://jautosource.blogspot.com/. Retrieved 2010-07-08. 
  51. ↑ Auto Fans. "2011 Ford Shelby GT500".
  52. ↑ Morris, Charlie. "Ford's 1965 Factory Experimental Mustangs", Car Tech Inc. website, undated article. Retrieved on August 26, 2008.
  53. ↑ "Ford Motor Company - Featured Story - Ford Mustang is Named 2005 Canadian Car of the Year". Media.ford.com. http://media.ford.com/newsroom/feature_display.cfm?release=19987. Retrieved 2010-07-08. 

References

External links

Ford Mustang production models and variants
Ford Mustang generations
1964–1973 · 1974–1978 · 1979–1993 · 1994–2004 · 2005–present
Ford in-house variants
SVO · SVT Cobra · Special Service Package · California Special · Mach 1 · Boss 429 · Boss 302 · Boss 351 · Bullitt · FR500C · GT500/KR · Mustang I · Giugiaro
3rd-party models
Shelby Mustang · Roush Mustang · Steeda Mustang · Saleen Mustang